Koguryo: Kingdom or Empire?  / Sung Nam Kim

Foreword
I. The Question of Empire: What are Not Empires?
II. What are the Characteristics of Empires?
  1. Different Peoples Ruled Differently
  2. Notions of Superiority
  3. Frontiers, not Borders
  4. King of Kings
  5. Hierarchical International Order
III. Early Koguryo’s Growth into Empire
  1. The Issue of Time Sovereignty
  2. Koguryo’s Early Expansion
  3. The Augustan Threshold
  4. Consolidation of Monarchical Power
IV. Crossing the Imperial Threshold
  1. Conquests Prior to Gwanggaeto
  2. Gwanggaeto’s Conquests
V. Consolidation and Southern Independence
  1. Imperial Reorganization
  2. Northern and Southern Policies
VI. Costs of the Koguryo Empire
VII. Conclusion

Journal of Northeast Asian History vol 10-1 (Summer, 2013)