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Title: A Study of Fortifications throughout Chinese History

Authored by Hong Seong-hyeon (洪承賢), Song Jin (宋眞), Choi Jin-yeol (崔珍烈), Heo In-wook (許仁旭), and Lee Seong-je (李成制)
ISBN 978-89-6187-349-9 93910

In June 2012, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China announced that the total length of the set of fortifications built throughout Chinese history and constituting the Great Wall was 21,196.18 km and that a total of 43,721 related sites had been identified. This news caused concerns among Korean scholars for they feared the possibility that the Great Wall sites identified by China might have included the fortresses of Koguryo and Balhae, or that this was another case of distortion of history by China as absurd as its claim that the Great Wall had reached as far as the Northwestern region of the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, the Korean scholars awakened to the need to understand the significance of China's announcement regarding the Great Wall and look into Chin's accumulated research on the Great Wall. This book is a collection of studies on fortifications from different periods of China, and will, hopefully and eventually, help answer the question "What is the Great Wall?" from our own perspective.

Table of Contents

Yan's Construction of Fortifications and Characteristics as a State in the Warring States Period
I. Introduction
II. Time of Construction of Yan Fortifications
III. Locations and Running Direction of Yan Fortifications
1. Review of Existing Research
2. Change of the Concept of Fortifications and the Distribution of Yan Fortifications
IV. Roles and Significance of Yan Fortifications: In Relation to the Establishment of Five Counties
V. Yan's Expansion into Liaoxi and Liaodong and Characteristics as a State
VI. Conclusion

The Form of Han Fortifications and its Characteristics
I. Introduction
II. Overview and Actual Status of Research on Han Fortifications
1. Time of Construction and Locations of Han Fortifications
2. Problems with Research on Han Fortifications
III. Han Fortifications as Borders and Their Management
1. Empire's Borders and Fortifications
2. Access Control of Fortifications and its Characteristics
IV. Conclusion

Construction of Fortifications in the Northern Dynasties and its Background
I. History of Research on Fortifications from the Northern Dynasties
1. History of Research on Northern Dynasties Fortifications
2. Analysis of Research on Northern Dynasties Fortifications
3. Chinese Academia's View on Fortifications
II. Background of the Construction of Fortifications in the Northern Wei Period
1. Defense and Preemptive Attack Against the Rouran Khaganate
2. Control over Nomads and Prevention of their Escape
3. Protection of Pastoral Economy in the Pingcheng Area
III. Background of the Construction of Fortifications in the Eastern Wei and Northen Qi Dynasties
1. Military and Diplomatic Backgrounds of the Construction of Fortifications
2. The Xianbei and the Gaoche and the Protection of Livestock
IV. Little Progress in the Construction of Fortifications in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties and its Background
1. Peace between the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties and the Turk
2. The Turk's Invasion and the Construction of Fortifications after Northern Zhou's Unification of Northern China
V. Conclusion - Significance of the Construction of Fortifications by Non-Chinese Dynasties

Research on Border Trenches (Jiehao) of the Jin Dynasty and its Contents
I. Introduction
II. Jin Border Trenches and Research Results
1. Distribution of Jin Border Trenches
2. Research Results
III. Time and Purpose of the Construction of Jin Border Trenches
1. Time of the Construction of Jin Border Trenches
2. Purpose of the Construction of Border Trenches by Period
IV. Debates in Research on Border Trenches
1. Border Trenches or Fortifications
2. Poluhuo's Construction of Border Trenches and Their Locations
3. Defense Barricades in the Yanbian Region and Goryeo
V. Conclusion

China's Great Wall Survey and Great Wall Protection Ordinance and A New Understanding of the Great Wall
I. Introduction
II. China's Great Wall Survey and Great Wall Protection Ordinance
III. The Great Wall Society of China and Creation of a New Concept of the Great Wall
IV. A New Definition of the Great Wall and Reinterpretation of Great Wall Sites
V. Conclusion - Great Wall Studies in China and Our Challenges